qdisk

Langue: en

Version: 39315 (fedora - 16/08/07)

Section: 5 (Format de fichier)

NAME

QDisk 1.0 - a disk-based quorum daemon for CMAN / Linux-Cluster

1. Overview

1.1 Problem

In some situations, it may be necessary or desirable to sustain a majority node failure of a cluster without introducing the need for asymmetric cluster configurations (e.g. client-server, or heavily-weighted voting nodes).

1.2. Design Requirements

* Ability to sustain 1..(n-1)/n simultaneous node failures, without the danger of a simple network partition causing a split brain. That is, we need to be able to ensure that the majority failure case is not merely the result of a network partition.

* Ability to use external reasons for deciding which partition is the the quorate partition in a partitioned cluster. For example, a user may have a service running on one node, and that node must always be the master in the event of a network partition. Or, a node might lose all network connectivity except the cluster communication path - in which case, a user may wish that node to be evicted from the cluster.

* Integration with CMAN. We must not require CMAN to run with us (or without us). Linux-Cluster does not require a quorum disk normally - introducing new requirements on the base of how Linux-Cluster operates is not allowed.

* Data integrity. In order to recover from a majority failure, fencing is required. The fencing subsystem is already provided by Linux-Cluster.

* Non-reliance on hardware or protocol specific methods (i.e. SCSI reservations). This ensures the quorum disk algorithm can be used on the widest range of hardware configurations possible.

* Little or no memory allocation after initialization. In critical paths during failover, we do not want to have to worry about being killed during a memory pressure situation because we request a page fault, and the Linux OOM killer responds...

1.3. Hardware Considerations and Requirements

1.3.1. Concurrent, Synchronous, Read/Write Access

This quorum daemon requires a shared block device with concurrent read/write access from all nodes in the cluster. The shared block device can be a multi-port SCSI RAID array, a Fiber-Channel RAID SAN, a RAIDed iSCSI target, or even GNBD. The quorum daemon uses O_DIRECT to write to the device.

1.3.2. Bargain-basement JBODs need not apply

There is a minimum performance requirement inherent when using disk-based cluster quorum algorithms, so design your cluster accordingly. Using a cheap JBOD with old SCSI2 disks on a multi-initiator bus will cause problems at the first load spike. Plan your loads accordingly; a node's inability to write to the quorum disk in a timely manner will cause the cluster to evict the node. Using host-RAID or multi-initiator parallel SCSI configurations with the qdisk daemon is unlikely to work, and will probably cause administrators a lot of frustration. That having been said, because the timeouts are configurable, most hardware should work if the timeouts are set high enough.

1.3.3. Fencing is Required

In order to maintain data integrity under all failure scenarios, use of this quorum daemon requires adequate fencing, preferrably power-based fencing. Watchdog timers and software-based solutions to reboot the node internally, while possibly sufficient, are not considered 'fencing' for the purposes of using the quorum disk.

1.4. Limitations

* At this time, this daemon supports a maximum of 16 nodes. This is primarily a scalability issue: As we increase the node count, we increase the amount of synchronous I/O contention on the shared quorum disk.

* Cluster node IDs must be statically configured in cluster.conf and must be numbered from 1..16 (there can be gaps, of course).

* Cluster node votes should be more or less equal.

* CMAN must be running before the qdisk program can start.

* CMAN's eviction timeout should be at least 2x the quorum daemon's to give the quorum daemon adequate time to converge on a master during a failure + load spike situation.

* The total number of votes assigned to the quorum device should be equal to or greater than the total number of node-votes in the cluster. While it is possible to assign only one (or a few) votes to the quorum device, the effects of doing so have not been explored.

* Currently, the quorum disk daemon is difficult to use with CLVM if the quorum disk resides on a CLVM logical volume. CLVM requires a quorate cluster to correctly operate, which introduces a chicken-and-egg problem for starting the cluster: CLVM needs quorum, but the quorum daemon needs CLVM (if and only if the quorum device lies on CLVM-managed storage). One way to work around this is to *not* set the cluster's expected votes to include the quorum daemon's votes. Bring all nodes online, and start the quorum daemon *after* the whole cluster is running. This will allow the expected votes to increase naturally.

2. Algorithms

2.1. Heartbeating & Liveliness Determination

Nodes update individual status blocks on the quorum disk at a user- defined rate. Each write of a status block alters the timestamp, which is what other nodes use to decide whether a node has hung or not. If, after a user-defined number of 'misses' (that is, failure to update a timestamp), a node is declared offline. After a certain number of 'hits' (changed timestamp + "i am alive" state), the node is declared online.

The status block contains additional information, such as a bitmask of the nodes that node believes are online. Some of this information is used by the master - while some is just for performace recording, and may be used at a later time. The most important pieces of information a node writes to its status block are:

- Timestamp
- Internal state (available / not available)
- Score
- Known max score (may be used in the future to detect invalid configurations)
- Vote/bid messages
- Other nodes it thinks are online

2.2. Scoring & Heuristics

The administrator can configure up to 10 purely arbitrary heuristics, and must exercise caution in doing so. At least one administrator- defined heuristic is required for operation, but it is generally a good idea to have more than one heuristic. By default, only nodes scoring over 1/2 of the total maximum score will claim they are available via the quorum disk, and a node (master or otherwise) whose score drops too low will remove itself (usually, by rebooting).

The heuristics themselves can be any command executable by 'sh -c'. For example, in early testing the following was used:


             <heuristic program="[ -f /quorum ]" score="10" interval="2"/>

This is a literal sh-ism which tests for the existence of a file called "/quorum". Without that file, the node would claim it was unavailable. This is an awful example, and should never, ever be used in production, but is provided as an example as to what one could do...

Typically, the heuristics should be snippets of shell code or commands which help determine a node's usefulness to the cluster or clients. Ideally, you want to add traces for all of your network paths (e.g. check links, or ping routers), and methods to detect availability of shared storage.

2.3. Master Election

Only one master is present at any one time in the cluster, regardless of how many partitions exist within the cluster itself. The master is elected by a simple voting scheme in which the lowest node which believes it is capable of running (i.e. scores high enough) bids for master status. If the other nodes agree, it becomes the master. This algorithm is run whenever no master is present.

If another node comes online with a lower node ID while a node is still bidding for master status, it will rescind its bid and vote for the lower node ID. If a master dies or a bidding node dies, the voting algorithm is started over. The voting algorithm typically takes two passes to complete.

Master deaths take marginally longer to recover from than non-master deaths, because a new master must be elected before the old master can be evicted & fenced.

2.4. Master Duties

The master node decides who is or is not in the master partition, as well as handles eviction of dead nodes (both via the quorum disk and via the linux-cluster fencing system by using the cman_kill_node() API).

2.5. How it All Ties Together

When a master is present, and if the master believes a node to be online, that node will advertise to CMAN that the quorum disk is available. The master will only grant a node membership if:

(a) CMAN believes the node to be online, and
(b) that node has made enough consecutive, timely writes to the quorum disk, and (c) the node has a high enough score to consider itself online.

3. Configuration

3.1. The <quorumd> tag

This tag is a child of the top-level <cluster> tag.

<quorumd interval="1" This is the frequency of read/write cycles

tko="10" This is the number of cycles a node must miss in order to be declared dead.

votes="3" This is the number of votes the quorum daemon advertises to CMAN when it has a high enough score.

log_level="4" This controls the verbosity of the quorum daemon in the system logs. 0 = emergencies; 7 = debug.

log_facility="local4" This controls the syslog facility used by the quorum daemon when logging. For a complete list of available facilities, see syslog.conf(5).

status_file="/foo" Write internal states out to this file periodically ("-" = use stdout). This is primarily used for debugging.

min_score="3" Absolute minimum score to be consider one's self "alive". If omitted, or set to 0, the default function "floor((n+1)/2)" is used, where n is the sum-total of all of defined heuristics' score attribute.

reboot="1" If set to 0 (off), qdiskd will *not* reboot after a negative transition as a result in a change in score (see section 2.2). The default for this value is 1 (on).

device="/dev/sda1" This is the device the quorum daemon will use. This device must be the same on all nodes.

label="mylabel"/> This overrides the device field if present. If specified, the quorum daemon will read /proc/partitions and check for qdisk signatures on every block device found, comparing the label against the specified label. This is useful in configurations where the block device name differs on a per-node basis.

3.2. The <heuristic> tag

This tag is a child of the <quorumd> tag.

<heuristic program="/test.sh" This is the program used to determine if this heuristic is alive. This can be anything which may be executed by /bin/sh -c. A return value of zero indicates success; anything else indicates failure.

score="1" This is the weight of this heuristic. Be careful when determining scores for heuristics.

interval="2"/> This is the frequency at which we poll the heuristic.

3.3. Example

<quorumd interval="1" tko="10" votes="3" label="testing"> <heuristic program="ping A -c1 -t1" score="1" interval="2"/>
<heuristic program="ping B -c1 -t1" score="1" interval="2"/>
<heuristic program="ping C -c1 -t1" score="1" interval="2"/>
</quorumd>

3.4. Heuristic score considerations

* Heuristic timeouts should be set high enough to allow the previous run of a given heuristic to complete.

* Heuristic scripts returning anything except 0 as their return code are considered failed.

* The worst-case for improperly configured quorum heuristics is a race to fence where two partitions simultaneously try to kill each other.

3.5. Creating a quorum disk partition

The mkqdisk utility can create and list currently configured quorum disks visible to the local node; see mkqdisk(8) for more details.

SEE ALSO

mkqdisk(8), qdiskd(8), cman(5), syslog.conf(5)