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Net::Twitter.3pm

NAME

Net::Twitter - A perl interface to the Twitter API

VERSION

This document describes Net::Twitter version 3.13006

SYNOPSIS

   use Net::Twitter;
   use Scalar::Util 'blessed';
 
   my $nt = Net::Twitter->new(
       traits   => [qw/API::REST/],
       username => $user,
       password => $password
   );
 
   my $result = $nt->update('Hello, world!');
 
   eval {
       my $statuses = $nt->friends_timeline({ since_id => $high_water, count => 100 });
       for my $status ( @$statuses ) {
           print "$status->{created_at} <$status->{user}{screen_name}> $status->{text}\n";
       }
   };
   if ( my $err = $@ ) {
       die $@ unless blessed $err && $err->isa('Net::Twitter::Error');
 
       warn "HTTP Response Code: ", $err->code, "\n",
            "HTTP Message......: ", $err->message, "\n",
            "Twitter error.....: ", $err->error, "\n";
   }
 
 

DESCRIPTION

This module provides a perl interface to the Twitter APIs. See <http://apiwiki.twitter.com/Twitter-API-Documentation> for a full description of the Twitter APIs.

OMG! THE MOOSE!

Net::Twitter is Moose based. Moose provides some advantages, including the ability for the maintainer of this module to respond quickly to Twitter API changes.

See Net::Twitter::Lite if you need an alternative without Moose and its dependencies.

Net::Twitter::Lite's API method definitions and documentation are generated from Net::Twitter. It is a related module, but does not depend on Net::Twitter or Moose for installation.

RETURN VALUES

Net::Twitter decodes the data structures returned by the Twitter API into native perl data structures (HASH references and ARRAY references). The full layout of those data structures are not documented, here. They change often, usually with the addition of new elements, and documenting all of those changes would be a significant challenge.

Instead, rely on the online Twitter API documentation and inspection of the returned data.

The Twitter API online documentation is located at <http://apiwiki.twitter.com/Twitter-API-Documentation>.

To inspect the data, use Data::Dumper or similar module of your choice. Here's a simple example using Data::Dumper:

     use Data::Dumper;
 
     my $r = $nt->search($search_term);
     print Dumper $r;
 
 

For more information on perl data structures, see perlreftut, perldsc, and perllol.

METHODS AND ARGUMENTS

new

This constructs a "Net::Twitter" object. It takes several named parameters, all of them optional:

traits

An ARRAY ref of traits used to control which APIs the constructed "Net::Twitter" object will support and how it handles errors. Possible values are:

API::REST

Provides support for the Twitter REST API methods.

API::Search

Provides support for the Twitter Search API methods.

API::TwitterVision

Provides support for the TwitterVision API. See <http://twittervision.com/api.html>.

WrapError

"Net::Twitter" normally throws exceptions on error. When this trait is included, "Net::Twitter" returns undef when a method fails and makes the error available through method "get_error". This is the way all errors were handled in Net::Twitter versions prior to version 3.00.

OAuth

The "OAuth" trait provides OAuth authentication rather than the default Basic Authentication for Twitter API method calls. See the ``Authentication'' section and Net::Twitter::Role::OAuth for full documentation.

InflateObjects

When this optional trait is included, Net::Twitter inflates HASH refs returned by Twitter into objects with read accessors for each element. In addition, it inflates dates to DateTime objects and URLs to URI objects. Objects that include a "created_at" attribute also have a "relative_created_at" method.

For example, with "InflateObjects" applied, the <friends_timeline> method returns an array of status objects:

     $r = $nt->friends_timeline;
     for my $status ( @$r ) {
         $r->user->screen_name; # same as $r->{user}{screen_name}
 
         # $created_at is a DateTime; $age is a DateTime::Duration
         my $age = DateTime->now - $r->created_at;
 
         # print an age in a similar style to the Twitter web site, e.g.:
         # less than a minute ago
         # about a minute ago
         # 6 minutes ago
         # 1 day ago
         # etc.
         print $r->relative_created_at;
 
 

RateLimit

The "RateLimit" trait adds utility methods that return information about the current rate limit status. See Net::Twitter::Role::RateLimit for details.

Legacy

This trait provides backwards compatibility to "Net::Twitter" versions prior to 3.00. It implies the traits "API::REST", "API::Search", "API::TwitterVision", and "API::WrapError". It also provides additional functionality to ensure consistent behavior for applications written for use with legacy versions of "Net::Twitter".

In the current version, this trait is automatically included if the "traits" option is not specified. This ensures backwards compatibility for existing applications using "Net::Twitter" versions prior to 3.00. See section ``LEGACY COMPATIBILITY'' for more details.

Some examples of using the "traits" parameter in "new":

     # provide support for *only* the REST API; throw exceptions on error
     $nt = Net::Twitter->new(traits => ['API::REST']);
 
     # provide support for both the REST and Search APIs; wrap errors
     $nt = Net::Twitter->new(traits => [qw/API::REST API::Search WrapError/]);
 
     # ensure full legacy support
     $nt = Net::Twitter->new(traits => ['Legacy']);
 
     # currently, these 2 calls to new are equivalent:
     $nt = Net::Twitter->new();
     $nt = Net::Twitter->new(traits => ['Legacy']);
 
 

legacy

A boolean. If set to 0, "new" constructs a "Net::Twitter" object implementing the REST API and throws exceptions on API method errors.

     Net::Twitter->new(legacy => 0);
 
 

is a shortcut for:

     Net::Twitter->new(traits => ['API::REST']);
 
 

If set to 1, "new" constructs a "Net::Twitter" object with the "Legacy" trait.

     Net::Twitter->new(legacy => 1);
 
 

is a shortcut for:

     Net::Twitter->new(traits => ['Legacy']);
 
 

username

This is the screen name or email used to authenticate with Twitter.

password

This is the password used to authenticate with Twitter.

clientname

The value for the "X-Twitter-Client-Name" HTTP header. It defaults to ``Perl Net::Twitter''.

clientver

The value for the "X-Twitter-Client-Version" HTTP header. It defaults to current version of the "Net::Twitter" module.

clienturl

The value for the "X-Twitter-Client-URL" HTTP header. It defaults to the search.cpan.org page for the "Net::Twitter" distribution.

useragent_class

The "LWP::UserAgent" compatible class used internally by "Net::Twitter". It defaults to ``LWP::UserAgent''. For POE based applications, consider using ``LWP::UserAgent::POE''.

useragent_args

An HASH ref of arguments to pass to constructor of the class specified with "useragent_class", above. It defaults to {} (an empty HASH ref).

useragent

The value for "User-Agent" HTTP header. It defaults to ``Net::Twitter/$VERSION (Perl)'', where $VERSION is the current version of "Net::Twitter".

source

The value used in the "source" parameter of API method calls. It is currently only used in the "update" method in the REST API. It defaults to ``twitterpm''. This results in the text ``from Net::Twitter'' rather than ``from web'' for status messages posted from "Net::Twitter" when displayed via the Twitter web interface.

Twitter is no longer registering source parameters. New applications should implement OAuth and register via <http://twitter.com/oauth_clients>.

Only use the "source" parameter if you have an existing, registered source parameter from Twitter.

apiurl

The URL for the Twitter API. This defaults to ``http://api.twitter.com/1''. This option is available when the "API::REST" trait is included.

apihost

DEPRECATED - Setting the "apiurl" is sufficient.

apirealm

A string containing the Twitter API realm used for Basic Authentication. It defaults to ``Twitter API''. This option is available when the "API::REST" trait is included.

identica

If set to 1, "Net::Twitter" overrides the defaults for "apiurl", "apihost", and "apirealm" to ``http://identi.ca/api'', ``identi.ca:80'', and ``Laconica API'' respectively. It defaults to 0. This option is available when the "API::REST" trait is included.

consumer_key

A string containing the OAuth consumer key provided by Twitter when an application is registered. This option is available when the "OAuth" trait is included.

consumer_secret

A string containing the OAuth consumer secret. This option is available when the "OAuth" trait is included.

ssl

If set to 1, an SSL connection will be used for all API calls. Defaults to 0.

netrc

(Optional) Sets the machine key to look up in ".netrc" to obtain credentials. If set to 1, Net::Twitter will use the value of the "netrc_machine" option (below).

    # in .netrc
    machine api.twitter.com
      login YOUR_TWITTER_USER_NAME
      password YOUR_TWITTER_PASSWORD
    machine semifor.twitter.com
      login semifor
      password SUPERSECRET
 
    # in your perl program
    $nt = Net::Twitter->new(netrc => 1);
    $nt = Net::Twitter->new(netrc => 'semifor.twitter.com');
 
 

netrc_machine

(Optional) Sets the "machine" entry to look up in ".netrc" when "<netrc =" 1>> is used. Defaults to "api.twitter.com".

decode_html_entities

Twitter encodes HTML entities in the "text" field of statuses. Set this option to 1 to have them automatically decoded. Default 0.

credentials($username, $password)

Set the credentials for Basic Authentication. This is helpful for managing multiple accounts.

ua

Provides access to the constructed user agent object used internally by "Net::Twitter". Use it with caution.

AUTHENTICATION

Twitter currently provides two authentication strategies: Basic Authentication and OAuth. OAuth is officially in beta, however, Twitter has expressed a desire to deprecate Basic Authentication in the future, so consider using OAuth in your applications.

To set up Basic Authentication in "Net::Twitter", provide the "username" and "password" options to ``new'' or call the ``credentials'' method.

To set up OAuth, include the "OAuth" trait and include the "consumer_key" and "consumer_secret" options to ``new''. See Net::Twitter::Role::OAuth for more information on using OAuth, including examples.

In addition to the arguments specified for each API method described below, an additional "authenticate" parameter can be passed. To request an "Authorization" header, pass "authenticated => 1"; to suppress an authentication header, pass "authentication => 0". Even if requested, an Authorization header will not be added if there are no user credentials (username and password for Basic Authentication; access tokens for OAuth).

This is probably only useful for the ``rate_limit_status'' method in the REST API, since it returns different values for an authenticated and a non-authenticated call.

API METHODS AND ARGUMENTS

Most Twitter API methods take parameters. All Net::Twitter API methods will accept a HASH ref of named parameters as specified in the Twitter API documentation. For convenience, many Net::Twitter methods accept simple positional arguments. The positional parameter passing style is optional; you can always use the named parameters in a HASH reference if you prefer.

You may pass any number of required parameters as positional parameters. You must pass them in the order specified in the documentation for each method. Optional parameters must be passed as named parameters in a HASH reference. The HASH reference containing the named parameters must be the final parameter to the method call. Any required parameters not passed as positional parameters, must be included in the named parameter HASH reference.

For example, the REST API method "update" has one required parameter, "status". You can call "update" with a HASH ref argument:

     $nt->update({ status => 'Hello world!' });
 
 

Or, you can use the convenient, positional parameter form:

     $nt->update('Hello world!');
 
 

The "update" method also has an optional parameter, "in_reply_to_status_id". To use it, you must use the HASH ref form:

     $nt->update({ status => 'Hello world!', in_reply_to_status_id => $reply_to });
 
 

You may use the convenient positional form for the required "status" parameter with the optional parameters specified in the named parameter HASH reference:

     $nt->update('Hello world!', { in_reply_to_status_id => $reply_to });
 
 

Convenience form is provided for the required parameters of all API methods. So, these two calls are equivalent:

     $nt->friendship_exists({ user_a => $fred, user_b => $barney });
     $nt->friendship_exists($fred, $barney);
 
 

Many API methods have aliases. You can use the API method name, or any of its aliases, as you prefer. For example, these calls are all equivalent:

     $nt->friendship_exists($fred, $barney);
     $nt->relationship_exists($fred, $barney);
     $nt->follows($fred, $barney);
 
 

Aliases support both the HASH ref and convenient forms:

     $nt->follows({ user_a => $fred, user_b => $barney });
 
 

Cursors and Paging

Some methods return partial results a page at a time. Originally, methods that returned partial results used a "page" parameter. A more recent addition to the Twitter API for retrieving multiple pages uses the "cursor" parameter. Usually, a method uses either the "page" parameter or the "cursor" parameter, but not both. There have been exceptions to this rule when Twitter deprecates the use of "page" for a method in favor of "cursor". In that case, both methods may work during a transition period. So, if a method supports both, you should always use the "cursor" parameter.

Paging

For methods that support paging, the first page is returned by passing "page => 1", the second page by passing "page => 2", etc. If no "page" parameter is passed, the first page is returned.

Here's an example that demonstrates how to obtain all favorites in a loop:

     my @favs;
     for ( my $page = 1; ; ++$page ) {
         my $r = $nt->favorites({ page => $page });
         last unless @$r;
 
         push @favs, @$r;
     }
 
 

Cursors

Cursoring employs a different strategy. To obtain the first page of results, pass "cursor => -1". Twitter returns a reference to a hash that includes entries "next_cursor", "previous_cursor", and an entry with a reference to an array containing a page of the requested items. The key for the array reference will be named "users", "ids", or something similar depending upon the type of returned items. For example, when "cursor" parameter is used with the "followers_ids" method, the returned in hash entry "ids".

The "next_cursor" value can be used in a subsequent call to obtain the next page of results. When you have obtained the last page of results, "next_cursor" will be 0. Likewise, you can use the value for "previous_cursor" to obtain the previous page of results. When you have obtained the first page, "previous_cursor" will be 0.

Here's an example that demonstrates how to obtain all follower IDs in a loop using the "cursor" parameter:

     my @ids;
     for ( my $cursor = -1, my $r; $cursor; $cursor = $r->{next_cursor} ) {
         $r = $nt->followers_ids({ cursor => $cursor });
         push @ids, @{ $r->{ids} };
     }
 
 

Synthetic Arguments

In addition to the arguments described in the Twitter API Documentation for each API method, Net::Twitter supports additional synthetic arguments.

authenticate

When set to 1, Net::Twitter will provide an Authorization header for the API call; when set to 0, it will suppress the Authentication header. This argument overrides the defined authentication behavior for the API method. It is probably only useful for the "rate_limit_satus" method which returns different values for authenticated and unauthenticated calls. See ``AUTHENTICATION'' for more details.

since

API methods that accept the "since_id" argument will also accept the synthetic "since" argument, instead. "since" may be a "Date::Time" object, an epoch time (the number of seconds since the system epoch), or a string in the same format returned by Twitter for the "created_at" attribute. Only statuses with a "created_at" time greater than "since" will be returned by the API call.

REST API Methods

These methods are provided when trait "API::REST" is included in the "traits" option to "new".

Common Parameters

id

Several of these methods accept a user ID as the "id" parameter. The user ID can be either a screen name, or the users numeric ID. To disambiguate, use the "screen_name" or "user_id" parameters, instead.

For example, These calls are equivalent:

     $nt->create_friend('perl_api');    # screen name
     $nt->create_friend(1564061);       # numeric ID
     $nt->create_friend({ id => 'perl_api' });
     $nt->create_friend({ screen_name => 'perl_api' });
     $nt->create_friend({ user_id     => 1564061 });
 
 

However user_id 911 and screen_name 911 are separate Twitter accounts. These calls are NOT equivalent:

     $nt->create_friend(911); # interpreted as screen name
     $nt->create_friend({ user_id => 911 }); # screen name: richellis
 
 

Whenever the "id" parameter is required and "user_id" and "screen_name" are also parameters, using any one of them satisfies the requirement.

skip_user

The timeline methods all accept an optional "skip_user" parameter. When set to a true value, the statuses returned in a timeline will not contain an entire embedded user HASH. Instead, the user node will contain only an "id" element to indicate the numerical ID of the Twitter user that sent the status.

Methods

block_exists

block_exists(id)

Parameters: id, user_id, screen_name

Required: id

Returns if the authenticating user is blocking a target user. Will return the blocked user's object if a block exists, and error with HTTP 404 response code otherwise.
Returns: BasicUser

blocking

blocking(page)

Parameters: page

Required: none

Returns an array of user objects that the authenticating user is blocking.
Returns: ArrayRef[BasicUser]

blocking_ids

Parameters: none

Required: none

Returns an array of numeric user ids the authenticating user is blocking.
Returns: ArrayRef[Int]

create_block

create_block(id)

Parameters: id

Required: id

Blocks the user specified in the ID parameter as the authenticating user. Returns the blocked user when successful. You can find out more about blocking in the Twitter Support Knowledge Base.
Returns: BasicUser

create_favorite

create_favorite(id)

Parameters: id

Required: id

Favorites the status specified in the ID parameter as the authenticating user. Returns the favorite status when successful.
Returns: Status

create_friend

create_friend(id)

alias: follow_new

Parameters: id, user_id, screen_name, follow

Required: id

Befriends the user specified in the ID parameter as the authenticating user. Returns the befriended user when successful. Returns a string describing the failure condition when unsuccessful.
Returns: BasicUser

create_saved_search

create_saved_search(query)

Parameters: query

Required: query

Creates a saved search for the authenticated user.
Returns: SavedSearch

destroy_block

destroy_block(id)

Parameters: id

Required: id

Un-blocks the user specified in the ID parameter as the authenticating user. Returns the un-blocked user when successful.
Returns: BasicUser

destroy_direct_message

destroy_direct_message(id)

Parameters: id

Required: id

Destroys the direct message specified in the required ID parameter. The authenticating user must be the recipient of the specified direct message.
Returns: DirectMessage

destroy_favorite

destroy_favorite(id)

Parameters: id

Required: id

Un-favorites the status specified in the ID parameter as the authenticating user. Returns the un-favorited status.
Returns: Status

destroy_friend

destroy_friend(id)

alias: unfollow

Parameters: id, user_id, screen_name

Required: id

Discontinues friendship with the user specified in the ID parameter as the authenticating user. Returns the un-friended user when successful. Returns a string describing the failure condition when unsuccessful.
Returns: BasicUser

destroy_saved_search

destroy_saved_search(id)

Parameters: id

Required: id

Destroys a saved search. The search, specified by "id", must be owned by the authenticating user.
Returns: SavedSearch

destroy_status

destroy_status(id)

Parameters: id

Required: id

Destroys the status specified by the required ID parameter. The authenticating user must be the author of the specified status.
Returns: Status

direct_messages

Parameters: since_id, max_id, count, page

Required: none

Returns a list of the 20 most recent direct messages sent to the authenticating user including detailed information about the sending and recipient users.
Returns: ArrayRef[DirectMessage]

disable_notifications

disable_notifications(id)

Parameters: id

Required: id

Disables notifications for updates from the specified user to the authenticating user. Returns the specified user when successful.
Returns: BasicUser

enable_notifications

enable_notifications(id)

Parameters: id

Required: id

Enables notifications for updates from the specified user to the authenticating user. Returns the specified user when successful.
Returns: BasicUser

end_session

Parameters: none

Required: none

Ends the session of the authenticating user, returning a null cookie. Use this method to sign users out of client-facing applications like widgets.
Returns: Error

favorites

Parameters: id, page

Required: none

Returns the 20 most recent favorite statuses for the authenticating user or user specified by the ID parameter.
Returns: ArrayRef[Status]

followers

Parameters: id, user_id, screen_name, cursor

Required: none

Returns a reference to an array of the user's followers. If "id", "user_id", or "screen_name" is not specified, the followers of the authenticating user are returned. The returned users are ordered from most recently followed to least recently followed.
Use the optional "cursor" parameter to retrieve users in pages of 100. When the "cursor" parameter is used, the return value is a reference to a hash with keys "previous_cursor", "next_cursor", and "users". The value of "users" is a reference to an array of the user's friends. The result set isn't guaranteed to be 100 every time as suspended users will be filtered out. Set the optional "cursor" parameter to -1 to get the first page of users. Set it to the prior return's value of "previous_cursor" or "next_cursor" to page forward or backwards. When there are no prior pages, the value of "previous_cursor" will be 0. When there are no subsequent pages, the value of "next_cursor" will be 0.
Returns: HashRef|ArrayRef[User]

followers_ids

followers_ids(id)

Parameters: id, user_id, screen_name, cursor

Required: id

Returns a reference to an array of numeric IDs for every user following the specified user.
Use the optional "cursor" parameter to retrieve IDs in pages of 5000. When the "cursor" parameter is used, the return value is a reference to a hash with keys "previous_cursor", "next_cursor", and "ids". The value of "ids" is a reference to an array of IDS of the user's followers. Set the optional "cursor" parameter to -1 to get the first page of IDs. Set it to the prior return's value of "previous_cursor" or "next_cursor" to page forward or backwards. When there are no prior pages, the value of "previous_cursor" will be 0. When there are no subsequent pages, the value of "next_cursor" will be 0.
Returns: HashRef|ArrayRef[Int]

friends

alias: following

Parameters: id, user_id, screen_name, cursor

Required: none

Returns a reference to an array of the user's friends. If "id", "user_id", or "screen_name" is not specified, the friends of the authenticating user are returned. The returned users are ordered from most recently followed to least recently followed.
Use the optional "cursor" parameter to retrieve users in pages of 100. When the "cursor" parameter is used, the return value is a reference to a hash with keys "previous_cursor", "next_cursor", and "users". The value of "users" is a reference to an array of the user's friends. The result set isn't guaranteed to be 100 every time as suspended users will be filtered out. Set the optional "cursor" parameter to -1 to get the first page of users. Set it to the prior return's value of "previous_cursor" or "next_cursor" to page forward or backwards. When there are no prior pages, the value of "previous_cursor" will be 0. When there are no subsequent pages, the value of "next_cursor" will be 0.
Returns: Hashref|ArrayRef[User]

friends_ids

friends_ids(id)

alias: following_ids

Parameters: id, user_id, screen_name, cursor

Required: id

Returns a reference to an array of numeric IDs for every user followed the specified user.
Use the optional "cursor" parameter to retrieve IDs in pages of 5000. When the "cursor" parameter is used, the return value is a reference to a hash with keys "previous_cursor", "next_cursor", and "ids". The value of "ids" is a reference to an array of IDS of the user's friends. Set the optional "cursor" parameter to -1 to get the first page of IDs. Set it to the prior return's value of "previous_cursor" or "next_cursor" to page forward or backwards. When there are no prior pages, the value of "previous_cursor" will be 0. When there are no subsequent pages, the value of "next_cursor" will be 0.
Returns: HashRef|ArrayRef[Int]

friends_timeline

alias: following_timeline

Parameters: since_id, max_id, count, page, skip_user

Required: none

Returns the 20 most recent statuses posted by the authenticating user and that user's friends. This is the equivalent of /home on the Web.
Returns: ArrayRef[Status]

friendship_exists

friendship_exists(user_a, user_b)

alias: relationship_exists

alias: follows

Parameters: user_a, user_b

Required: user_a, user_b

Tests for the existence of friendship between two users. Will return true if user_a follows user_b, otherwise will return false.
Returns: Bool

friendships_incoming

friendships_incoming(cursor)

Parameters: cursor

Required: cursor

Returns an HASH ref with an array of numeric IDs in the "ids" element for every user who has a pending request to follow the authenticating user.
Returns: HashRef

friendships_outgoing

friendships_outgoing(cursor)

Parameters: cursor

Required: cursor

Returns an HASH ref with an array of numeric IDs in the "ids" element for every protected user for whom the authenticating user has a pending follow request.
Returns: HashRef

geo_id

geo_id(id)

Parameters: id

Required: id

Returns details of a place returned from the "reverse_geocode" method.
Returns: HashRef

home_timeline

Parameters: since_id, max_id, count, page, skip_user

Required: none

Returns the 20 most recent statuses, including retweets, posted by the authenticating user and that user's friends. This is the equivalent of /timeline/home on the Web.
Returns: ArrayRef[Status]

lookup_users

Parameters: user_id, screen_name

Required: none

Return up to 20 users worth of extended information, specified by either ID, screen name, or combination of the two. The author's most recent status (if the authenticating user has permission) will be returned inline. This method is rate limited to 1000 calls per hour.
This method will accept user IDs or screen names as either a comma delimited string, or as an ARRAY ref. It will also accept arguments in the normal HASHREF form or as a simple list of named arguments. I.e., any of the following forms are acceptable:

     $nt->lookup_users({ user_id => '1234,6543,3333' });
     $nt->lookup_users(user_id => '1234,6543,3333');
     $nt->lookup_users({ user_id => [ 1234, 6543, 3333 ] });
     $nt->lookup_users({ screen_name => 'fred,barney,wilma' });
     $nt->lookup_users(screen_name => ['fred', 'barney', 'wilma']);
 
     $nt->lookup_users(
         screen_name => ['fred', 'barney' ],
         user_id     => '4321,6789',
     );
 
 

Returns: ArrayRef[User]

mentions

alias: replies

Parameters: since_id, max_id, count, page

Required: none

Returns the 20 most recent mentions (statuses containing @username) for the authenticating user.
Returns: ArrayRef[Status]

new_direct_message

new_direct_message(user, text)

Parameters: user, text, screen_name, user_id

Required: user, text

Sends a new direct message to the specified user from the authenticating user. Requires both the user and text parameters. Returns the sent message when successful. In order to support numeric screen names, the "screen_name" or "user_id" parameters may be used instead of "user".
Returns: DirectMessage

public_timeline

public_timeline(skip_user)

Parameters: skip_user

Required: none

Returns the 20 most recent statuses from non-protected users who have set a custom user icon. Does not require authentication. Note that the public timeline is cached for 60 seconds so requesting it more often than that is a waste of resources.
If user credentials are provided, "public_timeline" calls are authenticated, so they count against the authenticated user's rate limit. Use "->public_timeline({ authenticate => 0 })" to make an unauthenticated call which will count against the calling IP address' rate limit, instead.
Returns: ArrayRef[Status]

rate_limit_status

Parameters: none

Required: none

Returns the remaining number of API requests available to the authenticated user before the API limit is reached for the current hour.
Use "->rate_limit_status({ authenticate => 0 })" to force an unauthenticated call, which will return the status for the IP address rather than the authenticated user. (Note: for a web application, this is the server's IP address.)
Returns: RateLimitStatus

report_spam

report_spam(id)

Parameters: id, user_id, screen_name

Required: id

The user specified in the id is blocked by the authenticated user and reported as a spammer.
Returns: User

retweet

retweet(id)

Parameters: id

Required: id

Retweets a tweet. Requires the id parameter of the tweet you are retweeting. Returns the original tweet with retweet details embedded.
Returns: Status

retweeted_by

retweeted_by(id)

Parameters: id, count, page

Required: id

Returns up to 100 users who retweeted the status identified by "id".
Returns: ArrayRef[User]

retweeted_by_ids

retweeted_by_ids(id)

Parameters: id, count, page

Required: id

Returns the IDs of up to 100 users who retweeted the status identified by "id".
Returns: ArrayRef[User]

retweeted_by_me

Parameters: since_id, max_id, count, page

Required: none

Returns the 20 most recent retweets posted by the authenticating user.
Returns: ArrayRef[Status]

retweeted_to_me

Parameters: since_id, max_id, count, page

Required: none

Returns the 20 most recent retweets posted by the authenticating user's friends.
Returns: ArrayRef[Status]

retweets

retweets(id)

Parameters: id, count

Required: id

Returns up to 100 of the first retweets of a given tweet.
Returns: Arrayref[Status]

retweets_of_me

alias: retweeted_of_me

Parameters: since_id, max_id, count, page

Required: none

Returns the 20 most recent tweets of the authenticated user that have been retweeted by others.
Returns: ArrayRef[Status]

reverse_geocode

reverse_geocode(lat, long)

Parameters: lat, long, accuracy, granularity, max_results

Required: lat, long

Search for places (cities and neighborhoods) that can be attached to a statuses/update. Given a latitude and a longitude, return a list of all the valid places that can be used as a place_id when updating a status. Conceptually, a query can be made from the user's location, retrieve a list of places, have the user validate the location he or she is at, and then send the ID of this location up with a call to statuses/update.
There are multiple granularities of places that can be returned --- ``neighborhoods'', ``cities'', etc. At this time, only United States data is available through this method.

lat

Required. The latitude to query about. Valid ranges are -90.0 to +90.0 (North is positive) inclusive.

long

Required. The longitude to query about. Valid ranges are -180.0 to +180.0 (East is positive) inclusive.

accuracy

Optional. A hint on the ``region'' in which to search. If a number, then this is a radius in meters, but it can also take a string that is suffixed with ft to specify feet. If this is not passed in, then it is assumed to be 0m. If coming from a device, in practice, this value is whatever accuracy the device has measuring its location (whether it be coming from a GPS, WiFi triangulation, etc.).

granularity

Optional. The minimal granularity of data to return. If this is not passed in, then "neighborhood" is assumed. "city" can also be passed.

max_results

Optional. A hint as to the number of results to return. This does not guarantee that the number of results returned will equal max_results, but instead informs how many ``nearby'' results to return. Ideally, only pass in the number of places you intend to display to the user here.

Returns: HashRef

saved_searches

Parameters: none

Required: none

Returns the authenticated user's saved search queries.
Returns: ArrayRef[SavedSearch]

sent_direct_messages

Parameters: since_id, max_id, page

Required: none

Returns a list of the 20 most recent direct messages sent by the authenticating user including detailed information about the sending and recipient users.
Returns: ArrayRef[DirectMessage]

show_friendship

show_friendship(id)

alias: show_relationship

Parameters: source_id, source_screen_name, target_id, target_id_name

Required: id

Returns detailed information about the relationship between two users.
Returns: Relationship

show_saved_search

show_saved_search(id)

Parameters: id

Required: id

Retrieve the data for a saved search, by ID, owned by the authenticating user.
Returns: SavedSearch

show_status

show_status(id)

Parameters: id

Required: id

Returns a single status, specified by the id parameter. The status's author will be returned inline.
Returns: Status

show_user

show_user(id)

Parameters: id

Required: id

Returns extended information of a given user, specified by ID or screen name as per the required id parameter. This information includes design settings, so third party developers can theme their widgets according to a given user's preferences. You must be properly authenticated to request the page of a protected user.
Returns: ExtendedUser

test

Parameters: none

Required: none

Returns the string ``ok'' status code.
Returns: Str

trends_available

Parameters: lat, long

Required: none

Returns the locations with trending topic information. The response is an array of ``locations'' that encode the location's WOEID (a Yahoo! Where On Earth ID <http://developer.yahoo.com/geo/geoplanet/>) and some other human-readable information such as a the location's canonical name and country.
When the optional "lat" and "long" parameters are passed, the available trend locations are sorted by distance from that location, nearest to farthest.
Use the WOEID returned in the location object to query trends for a specific location.
Returns: ArrayRef[Location]

trends_location

trends_location(woeid)

Parameters: woeid

Required: woeid

Returns the top 10 trending topics for a specific location. The response is an array of ``trend'' objects that encode the name of the trending topic, the query parameter that can be used to search for the topic on Search, and the direct URL that can be issued against Search. This information is cached for five minutes, and therefore users are discouraged from querying these endpoints faster than once every five minutes. Global trends information is also available from this API by using a WOEID of 1.
Returns: ArrayRef[Trend]

update

update(status)

Parameters: status, lat, long, place_id, display_coordinates, in_reply_to_status_id

Required: status

Updates the authenticating user's status. Requires the status parameter specified. A status update with text identical to the authenticating user's current status will be ignored.

status

Required. The text of your status update. URL encode as necessary. Statuses over 140 characters will cause a 403 error to be returned from the API.

in_reply_to_status_id

Optional. The ID of an existing status that the update is in reply to. o Note: This parameter will be ignored unless the author of the tweet this parameter references is mentioned within the status text. Therefore, you must include @username, where username is the author of the referenced tweet, within the update.

lat

Optional. The location's latitude that this tweet refers to. The valid ranges for latitude is -90.0 to +90.0 (North is positive) inclusive. This parameter will be ignored if outside that range, if it is not a number, if geo_enabled is disabled, or if there not a corresponding long parameter with this tweet.

long

Optional. The location's longitude that this tweet refers to. The valid ranges for longitude is -180.0 to +180.0 (East is positive) inclusive. This parameter will be ignored if outside that range, if it is not a number, if geo_enabled is disabled, or if there not a corresponding lat parameter with this tweet.

place_id

Optional. The place to attach to this status update. Valid place_ids can be found by querying "reverse_geocode".

display_coordinates

Optional. By default, geo-tweets will have their coordinates exposed in the status object (to remain backwards compatible with existing API applications). To turn off the display of the precise latitude and longitude (but keep the contextual location information), pass "display_coordinates =" 0> on the status update.

Returns: Status

update_delivery_device

update_delivery_device(device)

Parameters: device

Required: device

Sets which device Twitter delivers updates to for the authenticating user. Sending none as the device parameter will disable IM or SMS updates.
Returns: BasicUser

update_profile

Parameters: name, email, url, location, description

Required: none

Sets values that users are able to set under the ``Account'' tab of their settings page. Only the parameters specified will be updated; to only update the ``name'' attribute, for example, only include that parameter in your request.
Returns: ExtendedUser

update_profile_background_image

update_profile_background_image(image)

Parameters: image

Required: image

Updates the authenticating user's profile background image. The "image" parameter must be an arrayref with the same interpretation as the "image" parameter in the "update_profile_image" method. See that method's documentation for details.
Returns: ExtendedUser

update_profile_colors

Parameters: profile_background_color, profile_text_color, profile_link_color, profile_sidebar_fill_color, profile_sidebar_border_color

Required: none

Sets one or more hex values that control the color scheme of the authenticating user's profile page on twitter.com. These values are also returned in the /users/show API method.
Returns: ExtendedUser

update_profile_image

update_profile_image(image)

Parameters: image

Required: image

Updates the authenticating user's profile image. The "image" parameter is an arrayref with the following interpretation:

   [ $file ]
   [ $file, $filename ]
   [ $file, $filename, Content_Type => $mime_type ]
   [ undef, $filename, Content_Type => $mime_type, Content => $raw_image_data ]
 
 

The first value of the array ($file) is the name of a file to open. The second value ($filename) is the name given to Twitter for the file. If $filename is not provided, the basename portion of $file is used. If $mime_type is not provided, it will be provided automatically using LWP::MediaTypes::guess_media_type().

$raw_image_data can be provided, rather than opening a file, by passing "undef" as the first array value.

Returns: ExtendedUser

user_timeline

Parameters: id, user_id, screen_name, since_id, max_id, count, page, skip_user

Required: none

Returns the 20 most recent statuses posted from the authenticating user. It's also possible to request another user's timeline via the id parameter. This is the equivalent of the Web /archive page for your own user, or the profile page for a third party.
Returns: ArrayRef[Status]

users_search

users_search(q)

alias: find_people

alias: search_users

Parameters: q, per_page, page

Required: q

Run a search for users similar to Find People button on Twitter.com; the same results returned by people search on Twitter.com will be returned by using this API (about being listed in the People Search). It is only possible to retrieve the first 1000 matches from this API.
Returns: ArrayRef[Users]

verify_credentials

Parameters: none

Required: none

Returns an HTTP 200 OK response code and a representation of the requesting user if authentication was successful; returns a 401 status code and an error message if not. Use this method to test if supplied user credentials are valid.
Returns: ExtendedUser

Search API Methods

These methods are provided when trait "API::Search" is included in the "traits" option to "new".

search

search(q)

Parameters: q, callback, lang, rpp, page, since_id, geocode, show_user

Required: q

Returns a HASH reference with some meta-data about the query including the "next_page", "refresh_url", and "max_id". The statuses are returned in "results". To iterate over the results, use something similar to:

     my $r = $nt->search($searh_term);
     for my $status ( @{$r->{results}} ) {
         print "$status->{text}\n";
     }
 
 

Returns: HashRef

trends

Parameters: none

Required: none

Returns the top ten queries that are currently trending on Twitter. The response includes the time of the request, the name of each trending topic, and the url to the Twitter Search results page for that topic.
Returns: ArrayRef[Query]

trends_current

trends_current(exclude)

Parameters: exclude

Required: none

Returns the current top ten trending topics on Twitter. The response includes the time of the request, the name of each trending topic, and query used on Twitter Search results page for that topic.
Returns: HashRef

trends_daily

Parameters: date, exclude

Required: none

Returns the top 20 trending topics for each hour in a given day.
Returns: HashRef

trends_weekly

Parameters: date, exclude

Required: none

Returns the top 30 trending topics for each day in a given week.
Returns: HashRef

Lists API Methods

These methods are provided when trait "API::Lists" is included in the "traits" option to "new". All Lists API methods require a "user" parameter. It is the screen_name of the list owner.

add_list_member

add_list_member(user, list_id, id)

Parameters: user, list_id, id

Required: user, list_id, id

Adds the user identified by "id" to the list.
Returns a reference the added user as a hash reference.
Returns: User

create_list

create_list(user, name)

Parameters: user, name, mode, description

Required: user, name

Creates a new list for the authenticated user. The "mode" parameter may be either "public" or "private". If not specified, it defaults to "public".
Returns: HashRef

delete_list

delete_list(user, list_id)

Parameters: user, list_id

Required: user, list_id

Deletes a list owned by the authenticating user. Returns the list as a hash reference.
Returns:

delete_list_member

delete_list_member(user, list_id, id)

alias: remove_list_member

Parameters: user, list_id, id

Required: user, list_id, id

Deletes the user identified by "id" from the specified list.
Returns the deleted user as a hash reference.
Returns:

get_list

get_list(user, list_id)

Parameters: user, list_id

Required: user, list_id

Returns the specified list as a hash reference.
Returns: HashRef

get_lists

get_lists(user)

alias: list_lists

Parameters: user, cursor

Required: user

Returns a reference to an array of lists owned by the specified user. If the user is the authenticated user, it returns both public and private lists. Otherwise, it only returns public lists.
When the "cursor" parameter is used, a hash reference is returned; the lists are returned in the "lists" element of the hash.
Returns: ArrayRef[List]

is_list_member

is_list_member(user, list_id, id)

Parameters: user, list_id, id

Required: user, list_id, id

Returns the list member as a HASH reference if "id" is a member of the list. Otherwise, returns undef.
Returns: ArrayRef[User]

is_list_subscriber

is_list_subscriber(user, list_id, id)

alias: is_subscribed_list

Parameters: user, list_id, id

Required: user, list_id, id

Returns the subscriber as a HASH reference if "id" is a subscriber to the list. Otherwise, returns undef.
Returns: ArrayRef[User]

list_members

list_members(user, list_id)

Parameters: user, list_id, id, cursor

Required: user, list_id

Returns the list members as an array reference.
The optional "id" parameter can be used to determine if the user specified by "id" is a member of the list. If so, the user is returned as a hash reference; if not, "undef" is returned.
When the "cursor" parameter is used, a hash reference is returned; the members are returned in the "users" element of the hash.
Returns: ArrayRef[User]

list_memberships

list_memberships(user)

Parameters: user, cursor

Required: user

Returns the lists the specified user is a member of as an array reference.
When the "cursor" parameter is used, a hash reference is returned; the lists are returned in the "lists" element of the hash.
Returns:

list_statuses

list_statuses(user, list_id)

Parameters: user, list_id, since_id, max_id, per_page, page

Required: user, list_id

Returns a timeline of list member statuses as an array reference.
Returns: ArrayRef[Status]

list_subscribers

list_subscribers(user, list_id)

Parameters: user, list_id, id, cursor

Required: user, list_id

Returns the subscribers to a list as an array reference.
When the "cursor" parameter is used, a hash reference is returned; the subscribers are returned in the "users" element of the hash.
Returns: ArrayRef[User]

list_subscriptions

list_subscriptions(user)

Parameters: user, cursor

Required: user

Returns a lists to which the specified user is subscribed as an array reference.
When the "cursor" parameter is used, a hash reference is returned; the lists are returned in the "lists" element of the hash.
Returns:

subscribe_list

subscribe_list(user, list_id)

Parameters: user, list_id

Required: user, list_id

Subscribes the authenticated user to the specified list.
Returns: List

unsubscribe_list

unsubscribe_list(user, list_id)

Parameters: user, list_id

Required: user, list_id

Unsubscribes the authenticated user from the specified list.
Returns: List

update_list

update_list(user, list_id)

Parameters: user, list_id, name, mode, description

Required: user, list_id

Updates a list to change the name, mode, description, or any combination thereof.
Returns: HashRef

TwitterVision API Methods

These methods are provided when trait "API::TwitterVision" is included in the "traits" option to "new".

current_status

current_status(id)

Parameters: id, callback

Required: id

Get the current location and status of a user.
Returns: HashRef

update_twittervision

update_twittervision(location)

Parameters: location

Required: location

Updates the location for the authenticated user.
Returns: HashRef

LEGACY COMPATIBILITY

This version of "Net::Twitter" automatically includes the "Legacy" trait if no "traits" option is provided to "new". Therefore, these 2 calls are currently equivalent:

     $nt = Net::Twitter->new(username => $user, password => $passwd);
     $nt = Net::Twitter->new(
         username => $user,
         password => $passwd,
         traits   => ['Legacy'],
     );
 
 

Thus, existing applications written for a prior version of "Net::Twitter" should continue to run, without modification, with this version.

In a future release, the default traits may change. Prior to that change, however, a nearer future version will add a warning if no "traits" option is provided to "new". To avoid this warning, add an appropriate "traits" option to your existing application code.

ERROR HANDLING

There are currently two strategies for handling errors: throwing exceptions and wrapping errors. Exception handling is the newer, recommended strategy.

Wrapping Errors

When trait "WrapError" is specified (or "Legacy", which includes trait "WrapError"), "Net::Twitter" returns undef on error. To retrieve information about the error, use methods "http_code", "http_message", and "get_error". These methods are described in the Net::Twitter::Role::WrapError.

     if ( my $followers = $nt->followers ) {
         for my $follower ( @$followers ) {
             #...
         }
     }
     else {
         warn "HTTP message: ", $nt->http_message, "\n";
     }
 
 

Since an error is stored in the object instance, this error handling strategy is problematic when using a user agent like "LWP::UserAgent::POE" that provides concurrent requests. The error for one request can be overwritten by a concurrent request before you have an opportunity to access it.

Exception Handling

When "Net::Twitter" encounters a Twitter API error or a network error, it throws a "Net::Twitter::Error" object. You can catch and process these exceptions by using "eval" blocks and testing $@:

     eval {
         my $statuses = $nt->friends_timeline(); # this might die!
 
         for my $status ( @$statuses ) {
             #...
         }
     };
     if ( $@ ) {
         # friends_timeline encountered an error
 
         if ( blessed $@ && $@->isa('Net::Twitter::Error') ) {
             #... use the thrown error obj
             warn $@->error;
         }
         else {
             # something bad happened!
             die $@;
         }
     }
 
 

"Net::Twitter::Error" stringifies to something reasonable, so if you don't need detailed error information, you can simply treat $@ as a string:

     eval { $nt->update($status) };
     if ( $@ ) {
         warn "update failed because: $@\n";
     }
 
 

FAQ

Why does "->followers({ screen_name => $friend })" return my followers instead of $friends's?

First, check carefully to make sure you've spelled ``screen_name'' correctly. Twitter sometimes discards parameters it doesn't recognize. In this case, the result is a list of your own followers---the same thing that would happen if you called "followers" without the "screen_name" parameter.

How do I use the "geocode" parameter in the Search API?

The "geocode" parameter value includes a latitude, longitude, and radius separated with commas.

     $r = $nt->search({ geocode => "45.511795,-122.675629,25mi" });
 
 

How do I get Twitter to display something other than "from Perl Net::Twitter"?

If you set the source parameter to "api", twitter will display ``from API'', and if you set it to the empty string, twitter will display, ``from web''.

     $nt = Net::Twitter->new(netrc => 1,legacy => 0,ssl => 1,source => 'api');
     $nt->update('A post with the source parameter overridden.');
     # result: http://twitter.com/semifor_test/status/6541105458
 
     $nt = Net::Twitter->new(netrc => 1,legacy => 0,ssl => 1,source => '');
     $nt->update('A post with the source parameter overridden.');
     # result: http://twitter.com/semifor_test/status/6541257224
 
 

If you want something other than ``Net::Twitter'', ``API'', or ``web'', you need to register an application and use OAuth authentication. If you do that, you can have any name you choose for the application printed as the source. Since rolling out OAuth, Twitter has stopped issuing new registered source parameters, only existing register source parameters are valid.

SEE ALSO

Net::Twitter::Error

The "Net::Twitter" exception object.

<http://apiwiki.twitter.com/Twitter-API-Documentation>

This is the official Twitter API documentation. It describes the methods and their parameters in more detail and may be more current than the documentation provided with this module.

LWP::UserAgent::POE

This LWP::UserAgent compatible class can be used in POE based application along with Net::Twitter to provide concurrent, non-blocking requests.

Catalyst::Authentication::Credential::Twitter

This module, by Jesse Stay, provides Twitter OAuth authentication support for the popular Catalyst web application framework.

SUPPORT

Please report bugs to "bug-net-twitter@rt.cpan.org", or through the web interface at <https://rt.cpan.org/Dist/Display.html?Queue=Net-Twitter>.

Join the Net::Twitter IRC channel at <irc://irc.perl.org/net-twitter>.

Follow perl_api: <http://twitter.com/perl_api>.

Track Net::Twitter development at <http://github.com/semifor/Net-Twitter>.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Many thanks to Chris Thompson <cpan@cthompson.com>, the original author of "Net::Twitter" and all versions prior to 3.00.

Also, thanks to Chris Prather (perigrin) for answering many design and implementation questions, especially with regards to Moose.

AUTHOR

Marc Mims <marc@questright.com> (@semifor on Twitter)

CONTRIBUTORS

Roberto Etcheverry <retcheverry@gmail.com> (@retcheverry on Twitter)

KATOU Akira

LICENSE

Copyright (c) 2009 Marc Mims

The Twitter API itself, and the description text used in this module is:

Copyright (c) 2009 Twitter

This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.

DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY

BECAUSE THIS SOFTWARE IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE SOFTWARE, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE SOFTWARE ``AS IS'' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE SOFTWARE IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE SOFTWARE PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR, OR CORRECTION.

IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE SOFTWARE AS PERMITTED BY THE ABOVE LICENSE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE SOFTWARE (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE SOFTWARE TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER SOFTWARE), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.