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parrot

NAME

Parrot - Running

VERSION

$Revision: 47265 $

OVERVIEW

This document describes Parrot's command line options.

SYNOPSIS

  parrot [-options] <file> [arguments ...]
 
 

ENVIRONMENT

PARROT_RUNTIME

If this environment variable is set, parrot will use this path as its runtime prefix instead of the compiled in path.

PARROT_GC_DEBUG

Turn on the --gc-debug flag.

OPTIONS

Assembler options

-a, --pasm

Assume PASM input on stdin.

-c, --pbc

Assume PBC file on stdin, run it.

-d, --imcc-debug [hexbits]

The -d switch takes an optional argument which is considered to hold a hex value of debug bits. Without a value, debug is set to 1.

The individual bits can be listed on the command line by use of the --help-debug switch.

To produce really huge output on stderr run "parrot -d 0ffff ...". Note: If the argument is separated by whitespace from the -d switch, it has to start with a number.

-h, --help

Print command line option summary.

--help-debug

Print debugging and tracing flag bits summary.

-o outputfile, --output=outputfile

Act like an assembler. Don't run code, unless -r is given too. If the outputfile ends with .pbc, a PBC file is written. If it ends with .pasm, a PASM output is generated, even from PASM input. This can be handy to check various optimizations, including "-Op".

--output-pbc

Act like an assembler, but always output bytecode, even if the output file does not end in .pbc

-r, --run-pbc

Only useful after "-o" or "--output-pbc". Run the program from the compiled in-memory image. If two "-r" options are given, the .pbc file is read from disc and run. This is mainly needed for tests.

-v, --verbose

One "-v" shows which files are worked on and prints a summary over register usage and optimization stats per subroutine. With two "-v" switches, "parrot" prints a line per individual processing step too.

-y, --yydebug

Turn on yydebug in yacc/bison.

-V, --version

Print version information and exit.

-Ox

Optimize

  -O0 no optimization (default)
  -O1 optimizations without life info (e.g. branches)
  -O  same
  -O2 optimizations with life info
  -Op rewrite I and N PASM registers most used first
  -Ot select fastest runcore
  -Oc turns on the optional/experimental tail call optimizations
 
 

See docs/dev/optimizer.pod for more information on the optimizer. Note that optimization is currently experimental and these options are likely to change.

-E, --pre-process-only

Preprocess source file (expand macros) and print result to stdout:

   $ parrot -E t/op/macro_10.pasm
   $ parrot -E t/op/macro_10.pasm | parrot -- -
 
 

Runcore Options

These options select the runcore, which is useful for performance tuning and debugging. See ``About runcores'' for details.

-R, --runcore CORE

Select the runcore. The following cores are available in Parrot, but not all may be available on your system:

   slow, bounds  bounds checking core (default)
   gcdebug       performs a full GC run before every op dispatch (good for
                 debugging GC problems)
   trace         bounds checking core w/ trace info (see 'parrot --help-debug')
   profiling     see F<docs/dev/profilling.pod>
 
 

The "jit", "switch-jit", and "cgp-jit" options are currently aliases for the "fast", "switch", and "cgp" options, respectively. We do not recommend their use in new code; they will continue working for existing code per our deprecation policy.

-p, --profile

Run with the slow core and print an execution profile.

-t, --trace

Run with the slow core and print trace information to stderr. See "parrot --help-debug" for available flag bits.

VM Options

-w, --warnings

Turn on warnings. See "parrot --help-debug" for available flag bits.

-D, --parrot-debug

Turn on interpreter debug flag. See "parrot --help-debug" for available flag bits.

--hash-seed <hexnum>

Sets the hash seed to the provided value. Only useful for debugging intermittent failures, and harmful in production.

--gc-debug

Turn on GC (Garbage Collection) debugging. This imposes some stress on the GC subsystem and can slow down execution considerably.

-G, --no-gc

This turns off GC. This may be useful to find GC related bugs. Don't use this option for longer running programs: as memory is no longer recycled, it may quickly become exhausted.

--leak-test, --destroy-at-end

Free all memory of the last interpreter. This is useful when running leak checkers.

-., --wait

Read a keystroke before starting. This is useful when you want to attach a debugger on platforms such as Windows.

--runtime-prefix

Print the runtime prefix path and exit.

<file>

If the file ends in .pbc it will be interpreted immediately.

If the file ends in .pasm, then it is parsed as PASM code. Otherwise, it is parsed as PIR code. In both cases, it will then be run, unless the "-o" flag was given.

If the "file" is a single dash, input from "stdin" is read.

[arguments ...]

Optional arguments passed to the running program as ARGV. The program is assumed to know what to do with these.

Generated files

About runcores

The runcore (or runloop) tells Parrot how to find the C code that implements each instruction. Parrot provides more than one way to do this, partly because no single runcore will perform optimally on all architectures (or even for all problems on a given architecture), and partly because some of the runcores have specific debugging and tracing capabilities.

In the default ``slow'' runcore, each opcode is a separate C function. That's pretty easy in pseudocode:

     slow_runcore( op ):
         while ( op ):
             op = op_function( op )
             check_for_events()
 
 

The GC debugging runcore is similar:

     gcdebug_runcore( op ):
         while ( op ):
             perform_full_gc_run()
             op = op_function( op )
             check_for_events()
 
 

Of course, this is much slower, but is extremely helpful for pinning memory corruption problems that affect GC down to single-instruction resolution. See <http://www.oreillynet.com/onlamp/blog/2007/10/debugging_gc_problems_in_parro.html> for more information.

The trace and profile cores are also based on the ``slow'' core, doing full bounds checking, and also printing runtime information to stderr.

Operation table

  Command Line          Action         Output
  ---------------------------------------------
  parrot x.pir          run
  parrot x.pasm         run
  parrot x.pbc          run
  -o x.pasm x.pir       ass            x.pasm
  -o x.pasm y.pasm      ass            x.pasm
  -o x.pbc  x.pir       ass            x.pbc
  -o x.pbc  x.pasm      ass            x.pbc
  -o x.pbc -r x.pasm    ass/run pasm   x.pbc
  -o x.pbc -r -r x.pasm ass/run pbc    x.pbc
  -o x.o    x.pbc       obj
 
 

... where the possible actions are:

   run ... yes, run the program
   ass ... assemble sourcefile
   obj ..  produce native (ELF) object file for the EXEC subsystem
 
 

FILES

main.c